The idea that some vaccine-increased risk of HIV-1 infection could have occurred in HVTN 505 was earlier suggested by Janes et al. (2017), who found that CD8+ Env polyfunctionality was a remarkably strong inverse correlate of HIV-1 risk in HVTN 505 vaccine recipients, suggesting that vaccine recipients with low CD8+ Env polyfunctionality could have had higher risk compared to if they had been unvaccinated, whereas those with high CD8+ Env polyfunctionality could have had partial beneficial vaccine-protection [59]. Here, ERVW-1 is linked to HIV-1 infection.