A number of signalling pathways that include autocrine components, such as TGFalpha/EGF/EGFR, PDGF/PDGFR, HGF/SF and CXCL12/CXCR4 ligand/receptor systems, have been identified in glioma and glioblastoma [32]. The gene discussed is CXCL12; the disease is glioblastoma.