Gene or protein therapy implies the use of DNA or protein therapeutic substances, which are delivered into a patient’s cells to treat diseases such as inherited disorders and cancers.23,32 Fan et al.63 demonstrated that electrically propelled protein-functionalized AuNW motors could deliver “on-the-fly” cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and activated canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) signaling to single HeLa cancer cells. Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.