TNF and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Chang and colleagues found that the levels of VEGF, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3α were significantly elevated in patients with NPC; the patients with NPC with higher levels of VEGF, IL-8, MIP-3α, and EBV DNA had worse prognoses for OS (P = 0.035, 0.008, 0.005, and 0.007, respectively) [25].