PTGS2 and cancer: The association of COX-2 and carcinogenesis were better recognized than COX-1, with more number of reports in many types of cancer and the role of COX-2 in carcinogenesis are for example; tumor proliferation, transformation, growth, and metastasis [19] which occur through several mechanisms such as inhibiting apoptosis, suppressing immune functions, promoting angiogenesis, and increasing the invasiveness of malignant cells [20].