CXCR3 and neoplasm: Many reports have shown that in various cell types (pericytes, endothelial cells, myofibroblast, T cells, epithelial cells, and tumor cells), binding of CXC chemokines to CXCR3 induces activation of p38 and ERK/mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C (PLC)11–14.