Because there are numerous examples of positive correlations between changes in collagen-I at mRNA and protein levels in fibroblasts [7,15,59], it is expected that the two aberrant features of COL1A1 mRNA regulation of IPF-fibroblasts reported here do contribute to the excessive collagen-I deposition at the protein level in IPF. The gene discussed is COL1A1; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.