CXCL1 and neoplasm: IHC staining in tumor tissues demonstrated lower levels of expression of IL6, CXCL1, CXCL8 and IKK-mediated phosphorylation of p65 (S536) in WCE-treated tumors than control tumors, indicating the in vivo IKK activity was also suppressed by WCE (Fig. 3f).