TJP1 and escherichia coli infection: Highly purified HA35 specifically mimics the effects of milk HA, increasing expression of HBD2 and protecting epithelium from Salmonella. HA35 also protects mice from in vivo infection with Citrobacter rodentium (a model for human enteropathogenic E. coli infection) and modulates epithelial ZO1 expression in vivo in multiple models of colitis33.