GAPDH and cancer: Cav-1 expression levels (Cav-1/GAPDH) were detected in a range of 0.66–1.89 (mean 1.27), 0.07–3.43 (mean 1.09), and 0.00–3.40 (mean 1.41) in normal tissues, primary tumors, and cancer cell lines, respectively (Fig. 1d).