TNF and infection: Infection with wild-type CHIKV induced production of several cytokines at day 1 postinfection, including the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL12p70, and the chemokines CXCL9 (CXC-motif chemokine 9) (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10), CCL3 (CC-motif chemokine 3) (MIP-1α), CCL4 (MIP-1β), CCL5 (RANTES), and CCL7 (MCP3) (Fig. 6A).