Furthermore, Krzemień et al. assessed a total of 35 children in three groups: patients with APN, nonfebrile UTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria, and found that urine concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in patients with APN compared with those of the other two groups (p < 0.5, p < 0.01) [25]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and bacterial urinary tract infection.