CTSB and infection: Prior results indicate that IL-1β is upregulated when catheter-implanted bladders are infected by E. faecalis,14 although the mechanisms responsible for catheter-induced inflammation in the absence of infection have not been as well characterized.7 However, our observation that dissemination and inflammation are reduced by inhibition of a host cysteine protease implicates inflammation in the control of dissemination and that this cysteine protease regulates this response.