For a few examples, danger signals that activate the inflammasome lead to the caspase-family dependent activation of IL-1β and other cytokines,42 while calpain-family proteases participate in the inflammasome-independent activation of IL-1α.43 Of interest, IL-1β and IL-1α can play distinct roles in inflammation, with the former more important for infection, while the latter is more important for sterile inflammation (for review, see ref. 44), similar to what may be induced during placement of a catheter. The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is infection.