TSC2 and neoplasm: Importantly, while immortalised RPTECs did not form sub-cutaneous tumours (n = 3 mice), two independent TSC2 hairpins (II and IV) caused the formation of xenograft tumours (n = 4 mice for each hairpin) that histologically resembled the characteristic spindle cell, vascular and adipocyte structures of human renal AMLs, and also displayed regions of epithelial structures (Supplementary Fig. 12d).