CATHEPSIN K staining was upregulated in all cells in cysts and adenomas (Fig. 5b), and CATHEPSIN K protein expression was detected by western blotting in kidney lysates from homozygous, but not heterozygous Tsc1 mutant mice or wild type mice (Supplementary Fig. 3i), suggesting that this increase is directly related to Tsc1 deletion and consistent with the fact that almost all cells in human renal AMLs express CATHEPSIN K27. Here, CTSS is linked to adenoma.