Recently, the Karussis group and Brainstorm-Cell therapeutics completed an open lab phase 1/2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and feasibility of intrathecal injections of MSCs induced to secrete neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF) (NurOwnTM) in 12 ALS patients (NCT01051882). Here, GDNF is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.