For example, several groups have reported that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin – mutations in which cause an autosomal recessive form of early onset Parkinson’s disease – is activated by Ser65 phosphorylated ubiquitin (Kane et al., 2014; Kazlauskaite et al., 2014; Koyano et al., 2014; Ordureau et al., 2014; Wauer et al., 2015b). This evidence concerns the gene PRKN and Parkinson disease.