Studies from our group showed that human GMSCs also highly expressed CD39 and CD73 and they could significantly inhibit collagen-induced arthritis16 and xeno-GVHD17via CD39/CD73 and/or IDO signals although it is still unknown whether these signal pathways contribute to T1DM suppression mediated by GMSCs. The gene discussed is ENTPD1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.