NFE2L2 and neurodegenerative disease: Additionally, dimethyl fumarate, which is an NRF2 (NFE2L2) activator effective in multiple sclerosis, increases mitochondrial biogenesis in cells, mice and patients with multiple sclerosis, further suggesting that mitochondrial biogenesis deficiency represents a valid target in neurodegenerative disease (Hayashi et al., 2017).