CD4 and neoplasm: Ad-TD-nsIL-12 treatment only resulted in a transient increase in CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD4− (CD8+) populations in local draining lymph nodes but splenic numbers were unchanged compared to the control virus, suggesting that anti-tumor efficacy of nsIL-12 treatment depends more on alteration of T-cell function than alterations of total numbers of circulating lymphocytes (Fig. 7g).