Diabetes promoted oxidative stress in the kidney through the downregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), the upregulation of SOD2, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), and glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), in addition to the activation of IL6 and the inhibition of NFκB activity (Fig 8A). Here, GPX1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.