The DEGs from the early euthanasia NHPs further support pulmonary inflammatory response with upregulation of ARDS associated genes including CCL2 (MCP-1), CXCL9 (MIF), APAF1, IL1R2, IL6, CASP9, S100A8, LBP, FGF10, Kininogen, and IL2 [34–46]. Here, APAF1 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.