PCNA and atherosclerosis: The latter is further supported by the compelling evidence from intraluminal DNMT1 inhibition in the partial ligation model, that silencing of vascular DNMT1 suppressed the disturbed flow-induced expressions of proliferating marker PCNA and inflammatory molecules VCAM1 and ICAM1, and attenuated the flow-disturbance-augmented atherosclerosis (Fig. 3c–e).