Some other signaling pathways, e.g. JAK/STAT (janus kinase / signal transducers and activators of transcription), PI3K/mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase / mammalian target of rapamycin) or hypoxia-related pathways, would also participate in the MDR of HCC [29, 30]. The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.