The outlined results point towards a role for the co-regulation of HIF and VEGF in BPD pathophysiology side by side with other potential regulators of VEGF signaling such as nuclear factor-ƙB, where abrogation of its expression induces apoptosis, simplifies alveolar structure, and reduces pulmonary capillary density in neonatal mice in concert with a significant reduction of VEGF-R2 expression [49]. Here, KDR is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.