Another key question is whether healthy stem cell derived-RPE cells transplanted into an inflamed eye, such as in AMD patients, can be transformed into an inflammatory phenotype mediated by cell-endogenous CL-11, since the chronic retinal ischaemic environment can induce local cell death via complement activation and therefore potentially compromise the outcome of the transplant itself60–62. The gene discussed is COLEC11; the disease is age-related macular degeneration.