VEGFA and ischemia: Previous studies have suggested that CAPE can induce the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein, which occurred by inhibition of HIF prolyl hydroxylase, the key enzyme for von Hippel–Lindau-dependent HIF-1α degradation, and activate the expression of HIF-1α target genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which play protective roles in ischemia/reperfusion injury [26–28].