CSF2 and neoplasm: To overcome these defects, whole-cell tumor vaccines have been modified by overexpressing stimulatory molecules, such as fibroblast activation protein (FAP), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and CD86, or combined with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs), all of which conferred significant antitumor effects [11–13].