Indeed, the use of Infliximab or Adalimumab, both monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF-α, were shown to be highly effective against acute colitis, although efficacy was strongly dependent on the severity of the disease.58, 59 In addition, resistance to anti-TNF-α therapy has been observed over time, supporting the notion that single cytokine therapy is insufficient for the treatment of IBD. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.