Similarly, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a tumor-derived factor, tended (p = 0.061) to be increased in BCa patients; while other putative tumor-derived factors such as RANK-L, Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) or TNF-α were not significantly altered (Figure 5B). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.