CXCL12 and neoplasm: Another in vitro study conducted by Yadav and colleagues showed that human and murine GSC can migrate toward brain VEC via activation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway, and CXCR4 genetic knockdown in a mouse model or pharmacological block using small molecule inhibitor AMD3100 (Plerixafor) leads to the reduction of tumour growth and vascular invasion [54].