MAPK8 and squamous cell carcinoma: In squamous cell carcinoma ECs, galectin-1 is overexpressed and binds directly to neuropilin-1 (NRP1), thereby enhancing phosphorylation of VEGF-R2 and triggering signaling via Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases SAPK1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk), which increases EC proliferation and adhesion, and in combination with VEGF-A it enhances cell migration [307].