TNF and neoplasm: As a consequence of the TME, tumor cells may produce growth factors, such as Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), Transforming growth factor β isoforms (TGFβs), Vascular endothelial growth factors isoforms(VEGFs), and cytokines, such as Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and other members of the Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) superfamily [32,33].