By transdifferentiation of glioma stem-like cells into vascular pericytes/smooth muscle cell- and EC-like cells, YKL-40 promotes both angiogenesis and VM [377], which in a xenograft tumor model is susceptible to treatment with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against YKL-40 in combination with radiation therapy [378]. This evidence concerns the gene CHI3L1 and neoplasm.