PTGS2 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: Pro-inflammatory mediators which were inhibited by BRB phytochemicals during experimental rat oral carcinogenesis in our study include Nfkb1, Ptgs2, Il-1β, Cxcl1, Mif, and Nfe2l2. Similar to our previous Phase 0 BRB oral chemoprevention trial, expression of Nfkb1 was inhibited by 5% BRB and 0.4% EA administration to oral cancer induced rats.