LEO1 and insomnia: Of the genes differentially expressed in insomnia-like flies, the only genes that both disrupt sleep and enhance memory are those involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (hiw) and Rdl. Although hiw and Rdl do not appear to be functionally related, human studies have identified a number of unrelated genes that are associated with insomnia phenotypes (for review see Lind and Gehrman, 2016).