We also asked if smoking induces transcriptional changes in the AHRR gene and indeed we verified that in PBMCs from patients with MS (PBMC cohort) the AHRR gene is upregulated in smokers as compared to non-smokers (P = 2.10 × 10−3 W5Y vs. NS, Fig. 5) and the average fold change increased when we considered as smokers only those individuals that reported smoking within the previous 12 months from the time of sampling (P = 3.76 × 10−5 CS vs. NS, Supplementary Figure 9). The gene discussed is AHRR; the disease is myeloid sarcoma.