CCL3 and neurodegenerative disease: In degenerative diseases, upregulated CC chemokines MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), and RANTES (CCL5) are possibly involved in the migration of endothelial progenitor cells during tissue repair47–49, with MCP-1 and MIP-1α able to mobilize mesenchymal stem cells into ischemic brain lesions50,51.