Additionally, compared with TGF-β1 alone, ginsenoside Rg1 administration significantly reduced expression of α-SMA (0.70 ± 0.07 versus 1.07 ± 0.15, P < 0.01 versus COPD group) and upregulated the E-cad level (0.74 ± 0.06 versus 0.55 ± 0.07, P < 0.05 versus COPD group). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.