TNF and neoplasm: The routine method for the production of DC-based vaccinesinvolves incubation of pre-DCs in the presence of cytokines GM-CSF and IL-4 for6–8 days, loading immature DCs with tumor-associated antigens, andsubsequent activation of dendritic cell maturation using inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, etc.)or xenogenous factors: LPS(bacterial lipopolysaccharide), OK-432 (low-virulence strain ofStreptococcus pyogenes), KLH (hemocyanin from molluskFissurella apertura), etc.