TNF and neoplasm: Many adipokines are pro-inflammatory, are secreted in increasing amounts in obese individuals, and are involved in the promotion of tumour growth, locally at the tumour site and, via communication with distant sites, in particular TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1.11,13,59 Factors known to play a significant role in tissue regeneration, neovascularisation, carcinogenesis, and tumour progression found in high-risk patients, expressed by MSCs and ADSCs, include FGF, ILs, IGF-binding protein, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), TNF-α, and VEGF.39