TFF3 and cancer: Whilst there may be tissue-specific effects, an increasing number of studies have shown that TFF3 promotes cell survival and cell cycle progression, angiogenesis and metastatic dissemination in various cancers, acting through signalling mediators such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the E-CADHERIN-CATENIN complex [15–21].