CSF2 and cancer: A number of inflammatory mediators; that have expression increased in cancer and accompany cancer disease progression, are granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF) [15], VEGF-A [27], nerve growth factor (NGF) [33] and glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) [34] are known to induce sensory neuron activation and pain; neuropathic and inflammatory pain [15, 27, 35, 36].