PTEN and cancer: We and others have also demonstrated that the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTORC1 pathway is involved in drug-resistance of various cancer types and abrogation of cytokine- dependence of hematopoietic cells [5, 6, 10–12, 16, 20, 24, 27–30, 33, 35, 36, 38–41, 43–55, 60, 63, 65, 67, 80–82].