TLR4 and neoplasm: Exposure of tumor cells to ionizing radiation can result in immunogenic cell death, whereby upregulation or release of new tumoral antigens and of Damage-Associated-Molecular-Patters (DAMPs), Heat-Shock-Proteins and High-Mobility-Group-Box-1 (HMGB1), recognized by the toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) on the surface of DCs, promotes both maturation and activity of DCs [42, 43].