When auto-abs against ADH cells were investigated in autoimmune endocrine disease patients without central diabetes insipidus (n = 410 in total, n = 260 with thyroid autoimmune disease, and 150 with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; vs. 100 normal subjects), none of the controls, but 5 out of 410 patients (1.2%) were positive for ADH cells (sera were used either undiluted or diluted 1:40) [40]. This evidence concerns the gene AVP and type 1 diabetes mellitus.