In apparent contrast to these data, Gopal et al. published a paper using PBMCs entitled, “Evidence of activation of the Nrf2 pathway in multiple sclerosis patients treated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate”, however, this study did not directly examine activation of Nrf2, but rather examined induction of downstream targets NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1 (NQO1) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) at time points from 0 to 4 h [13]. The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is multiple sclerosis.