HMGB1 and pneumococcal meningitis: We have previously shown that large amounts of MRP14 and HMGB1 are secreted in the CSF of patients and mice during acute PM and blockade of their activity by paquinimod, a MRP14 inhibitor, and ethyl pyruvate (REPS), and HMGB1 box A protein, HMGB1 inhibitors, was beneficial in experimental murine pneumococcal meningitis [27, 28].