1,25(OH)2D3 also acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by downregulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-23, MIG, IP-10, MCP-1, by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway and augmenting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-10 in pulmonary TB (41, 43, 109–112) (Table 1; Figure 1). Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary tuberculosis.