In our studies, we showed that treatment of spheroids (tumorigenic characteristics of CSCs) formed by isolated ALDH1 positive CSCs with WFA alone or in combination with CIS significantly inhibit the spheroid formation, suggesting that combination of WFA with CIS is very effective in suppressing the tumorigenic function of ALDH1 (Figure 3). The gene discussed is ALDH1A1; the disease is in situ carcinoma.