TNF and neoplasm: It is well known that beyond the induction of DNA damage, IR triggers complex inflammatory cascades in tumor and immune cells inducing the expression of interleukins (IL1, IL6, IL8, TNF-α) [37], adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM) [38] and activation of NF-kβ pathway, the central linker between inflammation, carcinogenesis and radioresistance [37, 39].