First, we observed that HDMECs migration and tube formation were increased by supernatants from NH-FLS and HDMECs co-culture as well as RA-FLS and HDMECs co-culture under TNF-α treatment (p < 0.05, Figure 3C-3D, Supplementary Figure 3A-B, Supplementary Figure 5A-B). Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.