ATR and infection: For example: (i) it is still not clear where the sites of cellular DNA damage reside and how MVM communicates with them; (ii) it remains unclear how cellular DNA is damaged by infection; (iii) it is not known how MRE11 is degraded during MVM infection and whether there are MRE11-independent function of NBS1 and RAD50 at APAR bodies; (iv) the mechanism of ATR inactivation during MVM infection is not fully understood, and it is not known if non-phosphorylated CHK1 plays a role during infection; and (v) it is also not known how MVM infection affects cellular gene expression on a global scale.